Ozgur Eker (CDCS)
Hello. My name is Ozgur Eker. Since 2009, I am a professional and independent letter of credit consultant from Izmir, Turkey. I have a bachelor's degree in business administration and master's degree in international trade and finance; awarded with CDCS (Certified Documentary Credit Specialist) two times between (2010-2013) and (2013-2016).
Importance of Bill of Lading Title: Ocean or Marine Bill of Lading
Issuing banks often require an ocean bill of lading or a marine bill of lading under letters of credit as a transport document.
The question...
What Does “Made Out to the Order of” Mean in a Bill of Lading?
Majority of the letters of credits are asking for a bill of lading which must be issued made out to the order of the...
Costs Additional to Freight
If a letter of credit indicates that costs additional to freight are not acceptable, a transport document is not to indicate that costs additional...
Top 5 Discrepancies in a Commercial Invoice
Commercial invoice is one of the key documents in a letter of credit transaction.
Almost all documentary credits, either commercial or standby, requesting a commercial invoice...
Document Issued or Countersigned by the Applicant: What are the Risks?
What are the risks of a document which is to be issued, signed or countersigned by the applicant in a letter of credit transaction?
In...
Payment Methods in International Trade
There are 5 types of payment methods available in international trade.
These payment types are cash-in-advance, open account, documentary collections, documentary credits (letters of credit)...
Presentation – Top 10 Letter of Credit Discrepancies
What is a Discrepancy?
There is no definition of a discrepancy under the current letter of credit rules, UCP 600.
Discrepancy can be defined...
Presentation – Letter of Credit Documents
Proforma Invoice
In international trade transactions, a proforma invoice is a trade document which states a commitment from the seller (exporter) to sell goods...
Presentation – Types of Letters of Credit
Commercial Letters of Credit
Commercial credits are used mainly in export and import transactions of tangible goods.
Majority of commercial letters of credit are...
Presentation – Parties to the Letter of Credit
Issuing Bank
Issuing Bank is the bank that issues a letter of credit at the request of an applicant or its own behalf.
Letter...
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